An employee leaves in his car from the nuclear plant on Three Mile Island, with the operational plant run by Exelon Generation on the right, in Middletown, Pa.Andrew Caballero-Reynolds/AFP via Getty Images

WASHINGTON—The United States and Saudi Arabia signed an agreement on July 22 that will allow the Gulf kingdom to develop a civilian nuclear program on its soil, the U.S. Department of Energy said in a statement.

The agreement may also allow for uranium enrichment in Saudi Arabia.

The 123 agreement, named after Section 123 of the US Atomic Energy Act, was signed by U.S. Secretary of Energy Chris Wright and his Saudi counterpart, Prince Abdulaziz bin Salman. Both sides also signed a bilateral safeguards agreement.

“Together, these two agreements lay the legal foundation for a decades-long, multi-billion-dollar partnership that advances several priority economic and strategic objectives, including nuclear nonproliferation,” the statement said.

The 30-year agreement will give American companies a key role in developing Saudi Arabia’s nuclear infrastructure.

The deal was first reported by The Wall Street Journal.

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A key provision allows U.S. companies to build a uranium-enrichment facility in Saudi Arabia if a joint U.S.–Saudi study finds it necessary. The provision would give the United States influence over the Saudi nuclear program and help prevent its misuse for military purposes.

A few countries dominate the global nuclear energy market by exporting reactor technology, constructing nuclear power plants abroad, and funding these projects. Russia and China are among the top players.

The agreement is expected to strengthen the U.S. nuclear industry and limit the strategic influence Russia and China could gain in Saudi Arabia’s civilian nuclear sector.

“These agreements reflect our two nations’ shared commitment to strengthening U.S.-Saudi commercial relations, delivering prosperity at home and security to our allies abroad,” Wright said in a statement. “Rest assured, these agreements uphold the highest standards of nuclear safety and nonproliferation, while relying on the world’s best nuclear technology and scientists, designed right here in the United States. Thanks to President Trump, the American nuclear renaissance is underway and will deliver long-term benefits to the American and Saudi people.”

Wright previously discussed the agreement during his first overseas trip to the region in April 2025.

The agreement will be sent to Congress for review.

Some members of U.S. Congress may try to block the deal because of opposition to any nuclear cooperation with Riyadh. To override the president’s veto and stop the deal, however, Congress would need a two-thirds majority in both the House and the Senate.

Westinghouse Electric and its AP1000 reactor are expected to benefit significantly from the deal.

Under the agreement, American companies will provide new power reactors and other nuclear technology, with some foreign suppliers potentially playing a secondary role.

Jennifer Gordon, director of the Nuclear Energy Policy Initiative at the Atlantic Council, called the deal “a win for the United States over Russia and China.”

“A 123 agreement between the United States and Saudi Arabia is not only a win for the US nuclear energy industry. It is also a victory for the US-led global nonproliferation regime,” she wrote in a note.

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