History isn’t written by “the winners.”  It’s written by historians and persons of letters.  Thus, what we know about the past depends on the interests and biases of those who compose treatises about the subject.  Eric Metaxas’s number one best seller, Revolution: The Birth of the Greatest Nation in the History of the World, provides in its subtitle an unambiguous declaration of the author’s conclusion about events in colonial America that are covered in this scrupulously researched book.  Upon finishing its nearly 600 densely packed pages, most readers will likely wonder why so many things delineated therein were neglected or distorted by prior historians.

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Foremost among those distortions is the assertion that most of America’s founders were deists who rejected the idea of God’s post-creation activity in human affairs.  As Metaxas clearly shows via the words of various patriots, especially John Adams and George Washington, the notion of God’s “providential” acts on behalf of the emergent nation was ubiquitous, a faith indissolubly linked to its adherence to biblical principles as articulated by ministers like George Whitefield.  These “no King but Jesus” convictions spread by the ministerial “Black Robe Regiment” were often derided by British elites who denigrated colonials as, in today’s parlance, bible-bangers.  A practical consequence of this gulf between British and colonial morals is illustrated by the humane treatment Americans typically provided captured troops versus the wretched fate most  patriot soldiers faced who fell into British hands, an estimated 10,000 of whom died in captivity, outpacing the “less than 7,000” killed in combat.

Metaxas further illustrates the decadence of Britain’s leadership under George III by providing detailed descriptions of gatherings in England by prominent members of the Hellfire Club who not only embraced hedonism but even mocked Christian beliefs.  Later the author devotes several pages to General William Howe’s lavish farewell party in Philadelphia.  By contrast, Washington is shown stressing the importance of discipline and moral conduct for himself and his troops in view of their “sacred” cause, a cause for which colonials officially beseeched God’s help by declaring days of fasting, prayer, and thanksgiving.

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Though John Adams is invariably included in any worthy account of America’s founding, the lasting memory history has bequeathed us often features slurs directed toward a “blind, bald, crippled, and querulous” Adams who as President had backed the Alien and Sedition Acts.  Metaxas focuses instead on the biblically schooled, anti-slavery patriot hailed as the “Atlas of American Independence” by contemporaries. Indeed, Metaxas notes that Thomas Jefferson thought authorship of the Declaration should be given to the indispensable early promoter of American liberty and only agreed to compose the document himself at Adams’s insistence.

Metaxas’s total narrative focuses on important players and crucial events from the death of George II in 1760 to the agreement ending the revolution in 1783.  In that effort he employs materials mostly derived from original sources and numerous scholarly works.  His extended description of the Boston Massacre is particularly compelling and makes clear that the colonies had their own share of less-than-pious rowdies.  When perusing the author’s account of this event, one’s sympathy likely falls more with the handful of trapped British soldiers than with the unrelenting mob, including Crispus Attucks, that pelted the longsuffering troops with projectiles – a scene bearing no resemblance to the inaccurate etching of the “massacre” distributed by Paul Revere for propagandistic purposes.  How the scrupulously principled John Adams managed to provide those British soldiers with a partially successful legal defense while still maintaining his strong opposition to their being stationed in Boston is another significant story.

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If Adams is Metaxas’s political hero, Washington is his military Cincinnatus. The general’s many challenges are covered extensively, as are battlefield maneuvers that should resonate with aficionados of military strategy.  During those fateful years Washington endured defeats, wretched fighting conditions, assassination attempts, rivalries from within the officer corps, and bleak prospects of success, all with a steadfast equanimity that bore witness to his character and leadership ability.  Following this magnificent and grueling service to the fledgling country, Washington, like Cincinnatus, relinquished power.

Metaxas also provides rich portraits of other important individuals including John Hancock, Nathan Hale, Henry Knox, and Samuel Adams.  Among those additional portraits is that of Abigail Adams, whose letters to her husband reveal a strong, biblically grounded spouse who stoically endured the vicissitudes of war for the sake of “justice, truth, and righteousness” -- an image more complete than that of a woman whose primary contribution to history were the words, “Remember the ladies.”  Metaxas’s rendering of General Benedict Arnold also fleshes out what for most folks is an incomplete picture.  Arnold served heroically in the crucial battle of Saratoga during which he suffered a painful injury that doubtless contributed, alongside unquenched ambition, to his act of treachery that could have changed the course of history.  Finally, incidental accounts of the savage treatment meted out by tribal warriors to combat enemies should cause a reassessment of any Disneyesque images of largely civilized and pacific “Native Americans.”

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Metaxas’s fine book, I must note, occasionally employs words and foreign phrases that are beyond the vocabulary of average readers who may have to keep a translating computer at hand or guess at meanings.  Also, at times I wished an editor had excised some of the details Metaxas provides that aren’t as critical as those happily included in his account of the Boston Massacre.  For example, Henry Knox’s heroic effort to bring cannons and other weaponry in Fort Ticonderoga to General Washington in Boston was recounted so thoroughly that a reader might feel he was enduring the icy, mountainous 300-mile trek himself, alongside the horses and oxen.

That said, those complaints are miniscule compared to the insight achieved by looking at the American Revolution, as Metaxas does, through the eyes of patriots like Washington and John Adams and not through the eyes of a Marxist like Howard Zinn whose People’s History of the United States has sold well over two million copies.

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Richard Kirk is a freelance writer and retired teacher living in Southern California.  His book Moral Illiteracy: “Who’s to Say?” is also available on Kindle , as is his book Poetry with a Moral Edge.

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